Socrates
"The unexamined life is not worth living."
Philosophy: Classical Greek Philosophy, Socratic Method
Associated Philosophies: Classical Greek Philosophy
Century: 5th BC
Place of Birth: Athens, Greece | Place of Death: Athens, Greece
Birth Date: 470 BC | Death Date: 399 BC
Region: Ancient Greece
Background
Born in Athens, Greece, Socrates was one of the most important philosophers in Western history. He never wrote down his teachings, but his ideas were recorded by his students, especially Plato. He was deeply concerned with questions of ethics and how people should live their lives.
Ideas and Theories
Socrates believed in the importance of questioning everything to find the truth. He thought that by thinking critically and seeking knowledge, we can live better lives and make more ethical choices.
Major Works
No written works by Socrates exist, but his ideas and teachings are preserved in the dialogues of his student Plato. Key dialogues include Apology, where Socrates defends his philosophy, and Crito, which discusses justice and the social contract.
Influenced By
Socrates was influenced by earlier Greek philosophers like Anaxagoras and Parmenides, though his focus was more on moral philosophy than on explaining the physical world.
Influence on Others
Socrates’ method of questioning and focus on ethics profoundly influenced his students, especially Plato and Xenophon. His ideas also shaped the development of Western philosophy, especially in areas like logic, ethics, and epistemology.
Controversies
Socrates was controversial in Athens because he challenged traditional beliefs and questioned the authority of the city’s leaders. In 399 BC, he was put on trial for corrupting the youth and not believing in the gods of Athens. He was sentenced to death by drinking poison.
Critics
Aristophanes: Criticized Socrates in a play, showing him as a figure who confused the young with useless arguments. Some leaders in Athens thought Socrates’ ideas were dangerous because they encouraged people to question authority.
Enduring Impact
Socrates’ method of asking deep questions to find truth has become a cornerstone of Western education, especially in law, philosophy, and debate. His ideas about ethics and the examined life continue to inspire people today.
Interesting Anecdotes
Socrates was famously eccentric, often seen walking around Athens barefoot, deep in thought. Despite his unkempt appearance and simple lifestyle, he engaged in deep conversations with both the elite and common people.
