Søren Kierkegaard
"Life can only be understood backwards; but it must be lived forwards."
Philosophy: Christian Philosophy, Existentialism
Associated Philosophies: Existentialism, Christianity
Century: 19th
Place of Birth: Denmark | Place of Death: Denmark
Birth Date: 1813-05-05 | Death Date: 1855-11-11
Region: Europe
Background
Born in Copenhagen, Denmark, Kierkegaard was a philosopher, theologian, and poet. He often wrote under pseudonyms and explored themes like anxiety, despair, and the meaning of life. His works reflect his struggle with faith and his critique of both the church and societal norms.
Ideas and Theories
Kierkegaard is known for his focus on individual choice and responsibility. He believed that life is full of uncertainty and that faith requires a 'leap' beyond reason. His ideas explore the importance of personal commitment and living a life true to oneself.
Major Works
Fear and Trembling: Kierkegaard’s exploration of faith and the paradoxes it presents, using the story of Abraham and Isaac as a central theme. Either/Or: A work that contrasts two modes of life—the aesthetic and the ethical—encouraging readers to choose a path of commitment and responsibility.
Influenced By
Kierkegaard was influenced by Christian theology, particularly the writings of St. Augustine, as well as the German idealists like Hegel, though he sharply critiqued their ideas.
Influence on Others
Kierkegaard’s philosophy profoundly influenced later existentialist thinkers, including Jean-Paul Sartre and Martin Heidegger. His emphasis on subjectivity and personal faith continues to resonate in discussions of philosophy, religion, and psychology.
Controversies
Kierkegaard’s harsh criticism of the established church and his unconventional views on Christianity made him a controversial figure. He rejected the idea of institutionalized religion, arguing that true Christianity required a personal, individual relationship with God.
Critics
Critics of Kierkegaard included defenders of the institutional church, who saw his critiques as radical and disruptive. Philosophers like Hegel were also critical of Kierkegaard’s focus on subjectivity over systematic philosophy.
Enduring Impact
Kierkegaard’s existentialist ideas have had a lasting impact on philosophy, theology, and literature. His exploration of faith, anxiety, and individualism continues to influence modern existential thought.
Interesting Anecdotes
Despite his intense reflections on love, faith, and despair, Kierkegaard famously broke off his engagement to his fiancée, Regine Olsen, believing that his philosophical mission required him to remain single. He spent much of his life in solitude, dedicated to his writings and reflections on existence.
